Tag: Rome

  • The following is excerpted from Patricia Telesco’s “365 Goddess: a Daily Guide to the Magic and Inspiration of the Goddess”. Some of these days are ancient, but some are more moderation, such as Thanksgiving or the Rights of the Child Day from United Nations. But each day she assigned a Goddess Who she felt suited that day’s celebration, if it was a modern holiday. I wouldn’t exactly consider this book to be completely rock-solid for research purposes – in fact there might be a few things that were stated as fact that I think were a stretch or not 100% true. But I think the spirit and the heart of the book is in the right place, and since Telesco had to have a festival of some kind for every day of the year, there is indeed a lot of information in there and I learned about some new celebrations I was not aware of before.

    I was intrigued to find out about the Saffron Rose Festival in Spain, which I’m going to do more research on. Ms Telesco related the Saffron Rose Festival to Eos, because she appears to Goddess-focused. But I’m considering working it into my festival schedule as a festival for Krokus and Hermes. After all, saffron comes from the stamen of the crocus flower, which in Greek myth was originally a lover of Hermes named Krokus. I’ve also considered working more with plant spirits and heroes, and something about it feels, I dunno, right.

    Anyway, I picked out some of the festival days that honored Greek, Roman and Egyptian Goddesses to share. I’ll probably do a similar post in January, too, of other upcoming ones.

    October 13

    Fountanalia (Rome)

    Fons

    Themes: Water; Wishes; Thankfulness; Healing

    Symbols: Fountains; Water sources

    About Fons: This Roman Goddess of Fountains holds a special place in today’s festivities, when people gather around her in the spirit of community gratitude for the refreshment that Fons provides in all seasons.

    Do To Today: This ancient Roman festival gives thanks for fresh drinking water, and many of its traditions are easily assimilated. For example, customarily, fresh flowers were tossed in flowing water sources to thank the spirit of Fons that abides therein. So, toss a flower into your hose water, a stream, or a fountain. Or, float a flower atop a beverage today to honor Fons as part of that drink.

    Fon’s waters are also known for healing, cleansing, and wish granting. To generate well-being, include as many water-based foods and beverages in your diet today as possible. This allows you to partake of Fon’s healing powers. For wishes, give the goddess a token (like a coin or flower petals) and whisper your desire to her waters. For cleansing, take a hot bath or shower so her waters will carry away your tensions.

    Finally, you might want to focus on improving your water supply today. Buy a water filter, get some bottled water, bless your water jugs, or do something else along those lines so that Fons can cleanse and purify everyone in your home.

    October 25

    Sweetest Day (United States)

    Felicitas

    Themes: Kindness; Charity; Love; Romance; Joy; Success; Luck

    Symbols: Greetings (greeting cards)

    About Felicitas: This Roman goddess brings happiness, success, and good fortune whenever someone salutes another with good deeds and kind words. She comes to us today to energize late fall and early winter with the transformational power of kindness.

    Do To Today: While Sweetest Day seems to be focused on lovers these days, in earlier years it represented an opportunity to shower anyone and everyone with cheerful trinkets, kind acts, and gentle words to lift one’s spirits. By looking to Felicitas for help, we can return this holiday to its original form and bring joy to people who might otherwise be feeling a case of the autumn blues. Look for, or make, some humorous greeting cards to send to folks you know who would appreciate the thought. Lay your hands on them and invoke Felicitas’s blessing in any way that feels right.

    To improve the effect further, anoint the cards with rejuvenating aromatic oils that match the recipient’s needs (such as pine for money, rose for love or peace, cinnamon for luck, sandalwood for health, and lavender to combat depression). This way, when they open that card, the magic and the aroma will be released together to bless, energize, and bear Felicitas’s greeting along with your heartfelt wishes!

    October 28

    Saffron Rose Festival (Spain)

    Eos

    Themes: Wealth; Love; Joy; Health; Fertility; Leadership; Passion; Beauty

    Symbols: Saffron

    About Eos: In Indo-European Tradition, Eos is a sky goddess who offers us dawn’s hopeful, renewing energy. Greek stories tell of Eos’s intense beauty, which inspires passion. As a faithful consort and fertile divinity, she also ensures us of productivity and devoted love.

    Do To Today: Saffron is the world’s most expensive herb, and on the last Sunday in October, people in Consuegra, Spain, honor the crop with folk dances and pageantry. Magically speaking, saffron embodies Eos’ joyful, healthy and fertile power, which is why it was sacred to her. So, consider getting up at dawn adding a few strands of saffron to your morning tea to bring renewed hope.

    Later in the day, consume saffron rice to internalize any of Eos’ attributes. Or, carry a container of saffron as a charm to manifest passion, inspire inner beauty, and motivate positive financial improvements.

    The ancients also used saffron to dye the robes of kings, giving it associations with leadership. So, if you need to improve your sense of control or authority in any situation, integrate something with a saffron hue into your wardrobe today. The color’s vibrations strengthen self-confidence and generate the administrative skills you need.

    November 2

    All Soul’s Day (Various Locations)

    Nephthys

    Themes: Death; Ghosts; Rebirth; Devotion

    Symbols: Sunset, Hawk (her sacred animal)

    About Nephthys: Just as Isis embodies life’s energies in Egypt, her sister Nephthys is the force of death and reincarnation. Traditionally, Nephthys dwells in tombs, guiding and welcoming spirits into the afterlife. Her name means “death which is not eternal”, referencing the Egyptian belief in the soul’s rebirth to a new existence.

    To Do Today: Following on the heels of Hallows and All Saint’ Day, this festival honors the faithful departed. In early times children would go “souling”, collecting small cakes believed to rescue souls from purgatory. In keeping with this idea, go out at sunset to honor Nephthys with a small cake or cracker. Leave this in a natural location and ask the goddess to bring peace to any restless souls in her care.

    Oddly enough, Roman announced engagements today (likely as a way of stressing life’s continuance). So if you’ve been thinking of deepening a relationship, or making a commitment to a beloved project, this is one date that might suit the occasion. Again, go outside at sunset, and as the sun slips behind the horizon pray to the goddess. Tell her your goal or speak your pledges in her name. Ask her to rejuvenate your determination so that tomorrow you might be born anew to your task or relationship.

    November 13

    Ludi Plebeli (Rome)

    Feronia

    Themes: Fertility; Abundance; Earth; Freedom; Sports; Recreation

    Symbols: Fire; Coals

    About Feronia: This Roman fire goddess provides fertility and abundance during even the harsest of times. When boredom sets in, she arrives with arms bearing festive energies and earth’s riches as a “pick-me-up”.According to Roman tradition, she is also the patroness and liberator of slaves, or of anything that allegorically enslaves us.

    To Do Today: Every November 13, the Plebian Games, opened in Rome with all manner of sports competitions. This festival also honored the goddess Feronia and her liberating nature. Mirroring this theme, get outside today and do something physical to release any anger or tension you bear. Give it into Feronia’s care so she can transform it into healthful energy.

    Carry a piece of coal today to generate a little of Feronia’s abundance in all your efforts. Keeping this near your stove (or any fire source, like the heater) maintains this goddess’s energy in your home year-round. If a day comes when you have a really pressing need, burn the coal in Feronia’s liberating flames to release the magic for fast manifestation.

    If you find your inner reserves waning with the winter’s darkness, light a candle sometime today to invoke Feronia;s vitality. Better still, light it for a few minutes each day until you feel your energy returning.

    November 20

    Rights of the Child Day (United Nations)

    Strenia

    Themes: Children; Protection

    Symbols: Bay; Palm; Figs; Honey; Youthful Images

    About Strenia: While this goddess’s traditional festival date in Italy was January 1, she joins in our hoilday observances today to extend her protective care to children. Among the Sabines and Romans, Strenia safeguarded the youth b providing health and strength. Traditional offerings for this goddess include burning bay leaves and leaving out sweet breads mixed with dates and figs.

    To Do Today: On this day in 1959, Strenia was likely standing by and applauding as the United Nations adopted the Declaration of the Rights of the Child to encourage proper treatment of our youth and inspire their future. So, take time with the children in your life today. Teach them in the “way they should grow” and revel in their innocent trust and love. Invoke Strenia’s blessings and health for that young one by sharing fig cookies (heck, eat a few yourself for strength!). Or, make the child a small power pouch that includes a bay leaf and a dried crumb of sweet bread. This way they can carry the goddess with them even when you’re not around.

    For those without children, try volunteering at a youth shelter or orphanage today. Take one of those kids out for lunch or to the zoo. Through your efforts, Strenia, can gather that child in arms of warmth and comfort.

    November 22

    Sagittarius Begins (Various Locations)

    Leucothea

    Themes: Creativity; Energy; Communication; Balance; Harmony; Change

    Symbols: Bow and Arrow; White Items; Milk; Seawater

    About Leucotheca: In Greek tradition, this woman gave birth to the centaurs and was a wet nurse to Dionysus. Her name translates as “milk-white goddess” alluding to a strong maternal nature. In later times she became a sea goddess, bearing the visage of mermaid. Through this transformation we see the mingling of the spiritual nature (water) with that of the earth (half-human appearance) to create Sagittarius’s customary energies.

    To Do Today: In astrology, Sagittarius is the centurion archer who represents a harmonious mingling of physical and spiritual living. Those born under this sign tend toward idealism, upbeat outlooks, and confidence. Like Leucothea, Sagittarians seems to have a strong drive for justice, especially for those people under their care.

    To consume a bit of Leucothea’s maternal nature or invoke her spiritual balance in your life, make sure to include milk or milk products in your diet today. Or, wear something white to figuratively don her power.

    For help with personal transformations, especially those that encourage personal comfort and tranquility, soak in a nice, long saltwater or milk bath today. As you do, ask Leucothea to show you the right steps to take next.

    November 23

    Tellabration (Connecticut)

    Calliope

    Themes: Arts; Communication; History

    Symbols: Stories; Books; Pens and Pencils; Quill;

    About Calliope: A member of the Thracian muses, Calliope is the goddess of epic poetry and eloquence, whose symbol is that of a stylus and tablets. Greek stories claim that this goddess is the mother of all poets and musicians.

    To Do Today: This national storytelling festival began in 1988 as a way of preserving and perpetuating oral traditions and the bardic art of telling “tall tales” and good stories which Calliope inspires. Today she joins our celebration to motivate creativity in all areas of our lives, especially written and spoken words.

    In today’s hurry-up world we often forget how powerful a word or phrase can be. To honor this goddess, slow down a little all day long, and really consider how yo’re communicating your ideas. As the old saying goes, be sure your brain is in gear before shifting your tongue to high. During those moments of contemplation, Calliope will flow through you and give you the words you need.

    During a break, take out a beloved book and start reading it again (Walden is my choice). Calliope will help you find something new and wonderful in those pages inspire you even further in any task you undertake today. And perhaps go out and buy yourself a special pen and pencil and bless the for use for important missives.

    November 24

    Thanksgiving (United States)

    Spes

    Themes: Thankfulness; Hope; Abundance; Harvest

    Symbols: A Bouquet of Flowers

    About Spes: In Roman tradition, this goddess’s name means “hope”. She joins us today to celebrate the successful harvest and keep our hearts hopefl as the earth’s plenty wanes/ In art, Spes often appears as a simple bundle of flowers whose beauty inspires the most distraught of spirits

    To Do Today: Follow pilgrim tradition and set aside tine today to thank the goddess for her blessing ina any way that seems sutited to your path and vision. For example, give Spea an offering of the first slice of holiday bread, share food with those in need, or perhaps treat the birds and squirrels in your neighborhood to some bread and nuts.

    Locally we invite any friends who have no family nearby to join with us in a delightful symbolic meal. I serve round rye bread and dill dip for unity and kinship, sweet potatoes for life’s sweetness and Spes’s harvest energies, cranberries mixed with oranges to keep our energy and health intact, vegetables for firm foundations, and pumpkin pie with magical sigils carved in the crust for the goddess’s protective spark. If you look at your own traditional menu, I’ll bet you will find many other foods and beverages that have similar symbolism to bring meaning and Spes’s magic to your table for this holiday. As you ear, remember to pass all the food and beverages clockwise to invoke Spes’s ongoing providence.

    November 29

    Stir-Up Sunday (England)

    Hestia

    Themes: Religious Devotion; Home; Wishes; Manifestation; Kinship; Unity; Beginnings

    Symbols: Fire (ovens); Sparks

    About Hestia: The Greek Goddess of household affairs, Hestia watches over our cookery today go help manifest family unity and ensure tasty outcomes. As a hearth goddess, she provides the spiritual energy necessary to keep our faith sure and the inner fires burning bright. Greek art did not try to portray this goddess, because she was considered the beginning- the source from which all else was ignited and set in motion.

    To Do Today: Getting its name from the annual Yule-pudding making that takes place in many homes around this time of year, Stir-Up Sunday is also a time in the Christian Church to motivate determinatied faith. So why not blend the best of both worlds? Invoke Hestia’s blessing your kitchen and make some pudding for the whole family (or a gathering of friends). Have each person present stir the pudding clockwise for a few minturtes as they focus on a wish. By next year at this time, the wish should manifest.

    Light a candle, this morning to welcome Hestia’s unity and energy into your home. Or, carry matches in your pocket so the spark of this goddess can ignite in any situation where its needed. Throughout the day, when you need more commitment to your beliefs, just light one match to invoke Hestia’s aid.

    December 15

    Faunalia (Rome)

    Fauna

    Themes: Fertility; Nature; Divination

    Symbols: All Forrest Items

    About Fauna: In Roman mythology, Fauna is the consort to Faunus, whom this date venerates. With Faunus, she protects the woodlands and plants that live there. While her role in stories seems minor, Fauna’s power lives on in botanical terminology, her name having been given to vegetation.

    To Do Today: Faunus was a woodland god like Pan, who sends messages through the forests for those who know nature’s omens and signs. If at all possible, go to a natural location today (even a park or quiet tree in your neighborhood will do) with a small libation of wine or milk, both of which are customary. Pour this on the ground, focusing on your intention to learn more about nature’s messages to us. Then spend at least twenty minutes observing. Take notes as you do. Do the trees’ leaves seem to talk? Do they move in a specific way? Are the birds taking flight? Where do they go? Do any drop feather on the ground? Do any animals appear unexpectedly? If so, what does the creature do, and where does it go? All of these things, and other similar experiences, can carry a sign meant to help you today or in the days ahead. To interpret what you see, consult any good folklore or superstition collection, like my book Victorian Grimoire, or another of my books, Futuretelling, which discusses natural harbingers.

    December 23

    Larentalia (Rome)

    Larunda

    Themes: Earth; Home; Ghosts

    Symbols: Stove or Oven; Soil or Clay

    About Larunda: Lara is one of the Roman goddesses of the earth and the home. She is also the mother and guardian to ghosts, or lares, who reside in the hearth and protect the family. Traditionally, today is her festival day.

    To Do Today: In Rome, this day was a time to say prayers for the dead and the nation, as well as to bring joy to one’s home. In keeping with this tradition, convey words like these to Larunda:

    Larunda, hear my words. Bless the spirits of those

    who have gone on before me, and grant them

    serenity. Bless also my nation, that it may know

    peace and prosperity this year and always. Finally,

    bless my home with your happiness, prosperity,

    and love. Let all who visit or dwell within feel

    your presence and protection surrounding them.

    Thank you for these blessings. Amen.

    To invoke both Larunda’s and the lares’ blessing on your residence, leave a small jar of soil somewhere near your oven, microwave, roaster, or heater, and say,

    Larunda, lares, this house bless, with your warmth and gentleness.

    Whenever tensions in the house reach a boiling point, take a pinch of the soil outside and dispose of it. This releases the magic and symbolically gets rid of the problems. Don’t look back.

    December 28

    Feast of Fools (Europe)

    Thalia

    Themes: Humor; Festivity; Recreation

    Symbols: Party Decorations

    About Thalia: Among the Greek muses, Thalia is the goddess of festivity and humor. She inspires today’s celebration with unbridled revelry and joyfulness to round the year on an upbeat, playful tone.

    To Do Today: During the Middle Ages, around this time of year, a mock religious ritual took place, much like the impious Saturnalia. Normal roles were often reversed, and reverence went by the wayside, replaced by fun and pleasure. I see no reason not to follow the example of or ancestors and give ourselves time to frolic a bit today. Do something that energizes you, inspires you, or make you laugh out loud. For example, throw yourself a party complete with silly decorations and hats. Watch your favorite comedy flicks with a friend. Or, go out dancing, play video games, socialize with folks who make you feel good, and generally let Thalia live through (and in) your pleasure.

    To keep Thalia’s playful, enthusiastic energy with you, bless an amethyst (for joy and luck) saying,

    Thalia, inspire my humor and muse;

    throughout my life, joy diffuse.

    Carry this with you anytime you feel your sense of humor waning.

    December 30

    Halcyon Days (Greece)

    Iris

    Themes: Winter; Peace; Protection; Air; Meditation; Promises; Beginnings

    Symbols: Rainbow; Water

    About Iris: This Greek messenger of the gods traverses between the earth and heavens, appearing as a winged maiden on a shining, hopeful rainbow. In this form she represents the calm after the storm — the end of the year’s activities and the advent of a new beginning. Traditional offerings to her include figs, cakes, wheat, and honey. In some stories it was Iris’s job to gather water from the underworld for use in taking sacred oaths.

    To Do Today: The word halcyon comes from a legendary bird that builds its nest on the ocean in the winter, sedating the winds with its song to safeguard its young. Thus, the week before and after the winter solstice are said to bear both the halcyon’s and Iris’s calm ambiance and hopeful demeanor.

    To inspire an improved outlook, find a rainbow sun catcher and put it in a window today so that Iris’s radiance can fill your home. Fer an extra one for your car (or maybe a rainbow-colored air freshener), so you can keep that energy with you throughout the day.

    For another aromatic approach, open, a window briefly today and let Iris fly in on wings of change and refreshment. Burn some violet or lavender incense as you do. These two aromatics accentuate this goddess’s vibrations.

    December 31

    Hekate’s Day (Greece/Rome)

    Hekate

    Themes: Moon; Beginnings; Magic

    Symbols: Serpent, Horse, or Dog (her sacred animals); Light (specifically a torch); Myrrh; Silver; Moonstone

    About Hekate: This Greco-Roman goddess rules the moon and opportunities. Tonight she opens the path through which the old year departs and the new enters. People customarily worship Hekate at crossroads, where worlds meet, which may be why she became a witch’s goddess. On this, her festival day, she bears a torch, lighting the way to the future.

    To Do Today: At the eve of the new year, take a moment and pat yourself on the back for a full year of goddess-centered thinking and action. Note your achievements, and thank Hekate for helping you find the way when your vision seemed clouded. An additional benefit here is that speaking this goddess’s name today banishes unwanted ghosts, including those figurative ghosts of past negative experiences. Let Hekate take those burdens so your new year will begin without holding you back.

    To accent this goddess’s powers in your life throughout your celebrations today, wear white or silver items, and light a white candle in her honor. For a token that will emphasize Hekate’s magic and lunar energies whenever you need them, bless a moonstone, saying,

    Hekate, fill this silver stone;

    keep your magic with me where’ver I roam.

    Carry this, keeping the goddess close to your heart and spirit. Happy new year!

  • “Together come and fkybelestantonollow to the Phrygian home of Cybele, to the Phrygian forests of the goddess, where the clash of cymbals ring, where tambourines resound, where the Phrygian flute-player blows deeply on his curved reed, where ivy-crowned maenads toss their heads wildly.”

    — Catullus, poem 63

    Kybele (pronounced Ku-bel-EE) is a Goddess of the fertility of all nature, humans and wild beasts included. She is a wild Goddess, by no means tame. She is especially related to forests and mountains, and is in fact called the Mountain Mother. She was served by transvestite priests, most of whom had castrated themselves to be more like their beloved Goddess. She is frequently pictured holding a round skin drum, and at many of Her nighttime festivals there was much drumming and dancing. Her rites display-299were ecstatic and often included orgies. She is wild, primal, and uncontrollable. Her Mysteries were second only to the Eleusinian Mysteries of Demeter and Persephone, or Dionysos’ Orphic Mysteries. 

    She was correlated most strongly to Rheia, Mother of the Olympian Gods, by the Greeks. But depending on the area, Kybele was syncretized to other Greek Goddesses. These include Demeter in the Samothrakian cult, or Aphrodite at Mount Ida, or Artemis in Karia.

    Kybele was originally a Phrygian Goddess Who became very popular in Greece. In fact, She is the only known Goddess from Phrygia, in Anatolia. Very little about the Anatolia cult is known, except that She is closely tied to lions, hawks, and mountains.catalhoyuk-goddess-kybele-precuser Its possible that She has a precursor at Çatalhöyük, a very early human settlement from around the 6th millennium BCE. This Mother Goddess statue was found in a granary. Her body is more fleshy than the classical Kybele, invoking the Venus of Wilendorf, but there are many parallels with the classical Kybele. She is similarly enthroned, and the hand-rests of this particular statue are shaped into feline heads, much like Kybele’s attendant lions. Although I’m not entirely sure I agree that’s whats going on here, some people believe that She is giving birth on Her throne.

    A shrine cut into rock in Phrygia bears the inscription Mater Kubileya, which is usually translated as “Mother of the Mountain”. This particular shrine dates to the first half to the 6th century BCE. Wikipedia has this to say about Kybele’s role as Mother Goddess and mediator between boundaries of wild nature and city life:

    Images and iconography in funerary contexts, and the ubiquity of her Phrygian name Matar (“Mother”), suggest that mm1she was a mediator between the “boundaries of the known and unknown”: the civilized and the wild, the worlds of the living and the dead. Her association with hawks, lions, and the stone of the mountainous landscape of the Anatolian wilderness, seem to characterize her as mother of the land in its untrammeled natural state, with power to rule, moderate or soften its latent ferocity, and to control its potential threats to a settled, civilized life. In this view, the desire to harness her power led to her installation as a protective goddess of the city by Anatolian elites, possibly concurrent with some form of ruler-cult. …To show her role as protector of cities, or city states, she was sometimes shown wearing a Mural Crown, representing the city walls. At the same time, her power “transcended any purely political usage and spoke directly to the goddess’ followers from all walks of life1“.”
    cibelepamela

    Greece had colonies around western Anatolia, Asia Minor, and the Aegean Islands. In the 6th century BCE, through these colonies, the worship of Kybele began to spread to mainland Greece. In Greece She is called Mistress of the Animals, Potnia Therōn, a title She shares with Artemis, and Mātēr or Mētēr , or “Mother”. She is also called Idaea, because She is believed to have been born on Mount Ida in Anatolia.. So in Athens She is sometimes called simply “the Idaian Mother of the Gods”. In Alexandria, Egypt, the Hellenistic Greeks hailed Her as “The Mother of the Gods, the Savior who Hears our Prayers” and also “The Mother of the Gods, the Accessible One”.


    Under Hellenic influence along the coastal lands of Asia Minor, the sculp
    tor Agoracritos, a pupil of Pheidias, produced a version of Cybele that became the standard one. It showed her still seated on a throne but now more decorous and matronly, her hand resting on the neck of a perfectly still lion and the other hand holding the circular frame drum, similar to atambourine, (tymbalon or tympanon), which evokes the full moon in its shape and is covered with the hide of the sacred lunar bull2.

    In some versions, Kybele started out not as a wholly female Goddess, but as the hermaphroditic Agdistis, possessing both male and female parts. In the Greek version 200px-museum_of_anatolian_civilizations065of this story, Agdistis was conceived when Zeus had a wet dream and His semen fell onto the ever-fertile earth. But the Gods were afraid of Agdistis, believing that His/His hermaphroditic body gave Agdistis the power to take over the universe. To subdue this threat, they had to castrate Agdistis. They buried the penis, and from that the first almond-tree grew. This tree will come into play later, in the story of Attis.

    Scholars have theorized that Agdistis is part of a continuum of androgynous Anatolian deities, including an ancient Phrygiandeity probably named “Andistis” and one called “Adamma”, stretching all the way back to the ancient kingdom of Kizzuwatna in the 2nd millennium BC. There is also some epigraphic evidence that in places Agdistis was considered a healing goddess of wholly benevolent nature3.

    Kybele and Attis

    190px-statue_of_a_reclining_attis_at_the_shrine_of_attis_2

    Kybele’s great love was Attis, a youth Who was some believe was a precursor to Adonis. Pausanias describes His hermaphrodite birth in the Phrygian legends, and the immaculate conception of Attis:

     

    “The local [Phrygian] legend about him [Attis] being this. Zeus [i.e. the Phrygian sky-god], it is said, let fall in his sleep seed upon the ground, which in course of time sent up a Daimon, with two sexual organs, male and female. They call the daimon Agdistis [Kybele]. But the gods, fearing Agdistis, cut off the male organ. There grew up from it an almond-tree with its fruit ripe, and a daughter of the river Sangarios, they say, took the fruit and laid it in her bosom, when it at once disappeared, but she was with child. A boy [Attis] was born4.”

    170px-attis_altieri_chiaramonti_inv1656

    This boy became a shepherd, and His beauty was unearthly. He eventually became the beloved of Kybele, and there are several stories about what happened next. According to Ovid, Kybele made Attis Her priest, but required that He remain chaste to hold that position. He violated His oath with a nymph, and in punishment Kybele drove Him mad. In this state of madness Attis castrated himself, and when He died Kybele changed Him into a fir tree.

    Pausanias relates a story that Attis was the son of the Phrygian king, and that He was born a eunuch. When He became a adult He introduced the worship of Kybele to Lydia. attisZeus becomes jealous of Kybele’s attachment to Him, and the King of the Gods sent a wild boar to ravage Lydia. Many of the Lydians were killed by this boar, including Attis. This story gives Attis a death similar to that of Adonis; death by boar.

    Pausanias also tells the story of how when Attis was sent to Pessinos to marry the king’s daughter. But according to Pausanias, Agdistis (Kybele) “appeared, and Attis went mad and cut off his genitals, as also did he who was giving him his daughter in marriage. But Agdistis repented of what he had done to Attis, and persuaded Zeus to grant that the body of Attis should neither rot at all nor decay. These are the most popular forms of the legend of Attis5.”

    Ever since Attis was worshiped alongside Kybele as a dying and resurrecting vegetation God. After death He was turned into a pine tree. It was this myth that Her priests, the galli, re-enacted when they castrated themselves. Kybele was the nurse of Sabazios, Phrygian God equated with Dionysos. The orgiastic worship of Dionysos-Sabazios was heavily influenced from that of the Phrygian Meter Theon, Mother of the Gods.

    At an early date there was associated with Cybele, the Great Mother, a hero-divinity called Attis who personified the life of the vegetable world particularly. … It is evident that in Rome there was a festival celebrating the death and resurrection of Attis. This celebration was held annually from March 22nd to 25th. … Again we may notice that at this same Attis festival on March 22nd, an effigy of the god was fastened to the trunk of a pine tree, Attis thus being “slain and hanged on a tree.” This effigy was later buried in a tomb. On March 24th, known as the Day of Blood, the High Priest, impersonating Attis, drew blood from him arm and offered it up in place of the blood of a human sacrifice, thus, as it were, sacrificing himself6.

    Kybele in Rome

    The Romans spelled Her name with the Latinized C, as Cybele, which is how you will most often see Her name written. Kybele’s cult was bought to Rome during the Second s16-2kybelePunic War, or Rome’s second War with Carthage, around 218 – 201 BCE. During the War, there were also many dire signs that were taken as bad omens, such as a meteor shower, a failed harvest, and an ensuring famine. The Roman Senate were worried that these omens spelled defeat for Rome, and they consulted many religious advisers to see how they could avoid it. It was the Sibylline Oracle that recommended the adoption of Kybele’s cult into the Roman State Religion. The Oracle told them that the sacred image of the Great Mother from Phrygian Pessinos must come to reside in Rome itself. Since they were allies, the Romans sent ambassadors to Pessinos with the request. On the way, they stopped at the Oracle of Delphi, in Greece, just to check that this was the will of the Gods. The Romans were pragmatic people, and a move like was a big deal, so it was a good idea to consult more than one Oracle. It was granted, and the sacred rock was on its way. Because the image from Pessinos was not a statue, but a large, unshaped stone of black, meteoric iron. It would eventually become the face of Kybele’s statue when the Romans had finished Her temple; in the meantime, it was housed with honors in the Temple of Victoria.

    In Rome She was called the Great Mother, Magna Mater. The Romans reinvented Kybele in some ways, claiming She was originally a Trojan Goddess. This would make Kybele an ancestral Goddess of the Romans, through the Trojan Aeneas who whose journey to Italia was chronicled in the Aeneid. As Rome spread its rule over the Mediterranean world, so did Kybele’s cult spread, at least in its Romanized forms.

    Imperial Magna Mater protected the empire’s cities and agriculture — Ovid “stresses the barrenness of the earth before the Mother’s arrival. Virgil’s Aeneid (written between 29 and 19 BCE) embellishes her “Trojan” features; she is Berecyntian Cybele, mother of Jupiter himself, and protector of the Trojan prince Aeneas in his flight from the destruction of Troy. She gives the Trojans her sacred tree for shipbuilding, and begs Jupiter to make the ships kybele-with-lion-in-lapindestructible. These ships become the means of escape for Aeneas and his men, guided towards Italy and a destiny as ancestors of the Roman people by Venus Genetrix. Once arrived in Italy, these ships have served their purpose and are transformed into sea nymphs7.

    The Megalesia on April 4th celebrates the Goddess’s arrival in Rome. The rituals were kicked off by making an offering of a simple dish of dried herbs at the Temple of Magna Mater. Ovid gave the reason for such simple offerings as because “people of old are reported to have subsisted on pure milk and such herbs as the earth bore of its own free will. White cheese is mixed with pounded herbs, that the ancient gods may know the ancient foods8.”

    The rites of the Magna Mater were celebrated by her eunuch priests, the Galli, sometime during March, but these rites, involving frenzy, violence, and self-mutilation, remained perverse and foreign to most Romans. The four-day rites of the Galli, however, cut to the core of the myth of Attis and his rebirth. In myth, Attis, beloved of Magna Mater, castrated himself, died, and was reborn. Male consort of the Great Mother, he was a vegetation God who returned every spring.

    Roman citizens were not allowed to walk in the March procession, take part in the rites, or join the priesthood of Magna Mater “so great is the aversion of the Romans to all undue display lacking in decorum.” (Dionysius of Halicarnassus 2.19.4) Instead, they initiated a more moderate Romanized annual festival to Cybele, or Magna Mater, the Megalesia, which began on April 4th. The April Megalesia was cheerful, festive, and raucous ritual of parties and theatrical events. The Megalesia was a time for giving and attending dinner parties and visiting friends. In fact, the banquets became so lavish that the Senate in 161 BCE by decree put a monetary limit on the amount a host could spend on a dinner party in addition to vegetables, bread, and wine, with no foreign wines allowed. The silverware could not weigh more than 120 pounds9.”

    The Galli

    As you can probably imagine, Kybele has a somewhat complicated relationship with 160px-statue_of_gallus_priestgender. Not only do some of the stories say that She started out as a hermaphroditic being, but Her priests were castrated transvestites who transgressed the social mores regarding gender in the ancient world. The Galli were not only castrated men, but they took on the roles of women. They wore women’s clothing (usually the color yellow), grew their hair long, wore make-up and heavy perfumes, and made a great show of taking on the female role. In some cases they even offered themselves for sexual encounters with other men.

    The Romans had a conflicted relationship with the Galli. When Kybele’s sacred stone came to Rome in 204, so did the first Galli, as Her priests. Kybele may have become a state Goddess of Rome, but the castration required to be a Gallus was more than unseemly to Roman eyes, and because of this Roman citizens were forbidden from becoming Galli. (Emperor Claudius lifted this ban, but Domitian reinstated the ban on castration.) Because of this, all the Galli were either slaves or foreigners.

    Although Cybele was an official goddess, the Senate refused Roman citizens the right to participate in her rites as priests, reflecting the Roman distrust and fear of the galli, for both their infertility and their rejection of masculinity. The galli not only deliberately made themselves unable to produce offspring, but they served as bad examples to others, tempting young men to join their ranks. Because of their effeminate nature, the galli flouted Roman exhortations toward virtus, the ideal of manliness. In brief, the Roman reverence for paternity and masculinity made castration a highly stigmatized activity, especially for Roman citizens, and made the galli a distinctly marginalized community.

    The galli were often described in derogatory terms such as pathicus (“faggot”), mollis (“softie”), or cinaedus (originally an Eastern dancer, but later a term for a grown man who displayed effeminate behavior and/or desired to be penetrated). Being a gallus was deemed the ultimate in unmanliness.

    …. For embracing a permanent state of feminine subjugation, the galli were marginalized to the fringes of Roman society. They seem to have converged in a subculture that protected them from the enmity of the majority. In the cult of Cybele, they were able to pursue their minority sexual interests without the ostracism that they experienced in the larger society10.

    In Pessinus, there were two high priests during the Hellenistic period, who were also eunuchs like the rest of the Galli. However, in Rome, this changed, so that the head of the Galli, the Archigallus, was a Roman citizen. This most likely means he was not castrated, as this was forbidden, except between the time of Claudius and Domitian’s reign. 250px-relief_of_archigallusThe Archigallus was chosen by the quindecemviri sacris faciundis, a college of fifteen religious advisers and augers who, among other sacred duties, guarded the Sibylline Books. Archigallus was a lifetime position.

    Being a Roman citizen, as well as being employed by the Roman State, meant that the archigallus had to preserve the traditions of Cybele’s cult while not violating Roman prohibitions in religious behavior. Hence, some argue that the archigallus was never a eunuch, as all citizens of Rome were forbidden from emasculation. …The signs of his office have been described as a type of crown, possibly a laurel wreath, as well as a golden bracelet known as the occabus.

    Along with the institution of the archigallus came the Phrygianum sanctuary as well as the rite of the taurobolium as it pertains to the Magna Mater, two aspects of the Magna Mater’s cultus that the archigallus held dominion over11.”

    The taurobolium was a religious rite involving the sacrifice of an ox, and the supplicant was consecrated in its blood. The supplicant entered a chamber in an underground pit, which had a wooden floor above it with wide spaces between the the slats, described as open mesh. The animal is sacrificed on top of this mesh, so that the blood rains down on the supplicant below. This scene is dramatically depicted in HBO’s Rome, when Atia performed it to pray for the safety of her son in Gaul. According to Prudentis, this was performed for a priestess, who was then considered to have been “born again”. That is very interesting, considering that Christians see themselves as symbolically “washed in the blood of the lamb” to be “born again”. This was a literal bathing a blood, this time from a bull, to create a pagan rebirth. As Spock would say, “Fascinating.”

    Then by the many paths of the thousand openings in the lattice the falling shower rains down a foul dew, which the priestess buried within catches, putting her head under all the drops. She throws back her face, she puts her cheeks in the way of the blood, she puts under it her ears and lips, she interposes her nostrils, she washes her very eyes with the fluid, nor does she even spare her throat but moistens her tongue, until she actually drinks the dark gore. … This woman, all hail and worship at a distance, because the ox’s blood has washed her, and she is born again for eternity12.

    Kybele Today

    As much as Kybele is dear my heart, there is not really a lot that I can say about Her. cybelestantonFor me, She is best experienced – in the beat the drum, in the pounding of your heart, in the burning of your muscles, the shortness of breath as you dance in abandonment till you drop in exhaustion. She was worshiped in ecstatic rituals in the ancient world, and this is where I have found Her today, in the same rituals of statistic drumming and dancing that belong to Dionysos as well.

    Kybele has apparently been adopted by some transgender Pagans as something of a patron Deity in the modern era, although I did not find as much information about this as I would have liked. In any case, it is clear the Kybele is a great and powerful Goddess, Who deserves our worship and honor today as much as in the past. If anybody out there has any rituals honoring Kybele, or any experiences with Her, I’d love to here about it.

    Suggested Links:

    Journeying to the Goddess: Cybele

    Priests of the Goddess: Gender Transgression in Ancient Religion

    Paleothea: Cybele, Agdistis, and Attis

    Attis, Agdistis, and Kybele

    The Maetreum of Cybele, Magna Mater

    The Spirit of Transgender

    The Bakcheion: Mountain-Mothers

    1Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybele

    4Pausanias. Guide to Greece. 7.17.8

    5Pausanias. Guide to Greece. 7. 19. 9-12

    7Frances Bernstein, PHD. Classical Living: Reconnecting with the Rituals of Ancient Rome: Myths, Gods, Goddess, Celebrations and Rites for Every Month of the Year. HarperCollins Publishers. New York.2000. pg 81

    8 Ovid. Fasti. 4.367-73

    9Frances Bernstein, PHD. Classical Living: Reconnecting with the Rituals of Ancient Rome: Myths, Gods, Goddess, Celebrations and Rites for Every Month of the Year. HarperCollins Publishers. New York.2000. pg 81

    10Nikolai Endres. Galli: Ancient Roman Priests. GLBTQ encyclopedia.

    12Prudentis, as quoted in Ancient History Sourcebook: Roman Religiones Licitae and Illicitae, c. 204 BCE – 112 CE

  • Haven’t done one of these in a long time.

     

    Heathen Gods and Sacrifice (and Transformation)

    Roman women more independent than previously thought

    On the burial at the sanctuary of Zeus Lykios

    The Arrogance of Monotheism — A Hindu View

    The Ancient Greeks’ 6 words for Love (and Why Knowing Them Can Change Your Life)

    Prayer for receiving Stewardship of the Land

    Conversations we need to be Having, between Galina Krasskova and Kenaz Filan, Part IPart IIPart IIIPart IV,  and Part V

    Foreign Priests find a spiritual home in Shinto

    8 Things Marvel Got Wrong About Thor and Norse Mythology

    A collection of Pocket Altars

  • I told you I tend to write these a little bit late. Anyway.

    ———

    Lady of the Apple, Protector of Orchards and Gardens

    Fair ruddy-cheeked Pomona, I pray to You now

    She Who carries the pruning shears

    And Whose skirts are filled with gathered fruit

    May You always be welcome in my home and on my land

    Bless my soil and my trees

    That they may continue to bear the fruit needed to feed my family

    Beautiful bride of shape-changing Vertumnus

    Protect my orchard through the coming winter

    So they may blossom again in the spring

    When Your sweet sister Flora begins Her yearly dance of flowers.

    I offer You a portion of this year’s bounty,

    Beauteous Pomona and Mysterious Vertumnus,

    So that You may bless my farmstead,

    And I may continue to offer to You again as the years cycle on.

    In the names of all the Gods of Greece, Egypt, and Rome,

    May it be so.

     

    Leafy Vertumnus of wilds.

    Shape-changing Etruscan God, I hail You on this You sacred festival day.

    As summer draws to a close, we harvest the earth’s bounty,

    The gifts You and Your bride grieously bestow.

    Bridegroom of orchard-loving Pomona,

    You change Your shape as the land changes with each season

    (Or so I think is the Mystery at the heart of Your story).

    Fair Vertumnus, Your union to Pomona

    Is a marriage of wild Nature with tame agriculture

    Together, Etruscan Vertumnus and Pomona of the Orchards,

    You are Truly a Blessing for mankind.

    May we always remember to honor you.

    In the names of all the Gods of Greece, Egypt, and Rome,

    May it be so.

  • I got a book this month that I had ordered a while back. It was actually one that I used to own, but after a couple bouts of homelessness and several moves, I have pared down my belongings quite a bit and somewhere along the way I lost or gave away some books that I wanted but didn’t have space for. Now that I have space, I have to rebuild by library, among other things. Anyway, the book is Classical Living: Reconnecting with the Rituals of Ancient Rome: Myths, Gods, Goddesses, Celebrations, and Rites for Every Month of the Year (I know, long title!) by Frances Bernstein, Ph.D. This is an amazing book. All the information in this post comes from this excellent book.

    On July 8th “the Vitulatio was celebrated, a festival in honor of the goddess Vitula. We are told by Macrobius (3.2. 11) that after the Poplifugia, the Romans honored the goddess Vitula. She was the Goddess of Joy and Life – in fact her name comes from the word vita, or “life”. On this day the goddess Vitula received the firstfruits of the earth which gave life (Virgil Georgics 3.77).” (page 139)

    On the 19th and 21st, two rites were held in a sacred grove on the Tiber (page 139). It was called Lacuria, which comes from the word for “grove of trees”, Lacus. July was the time in Roman calendar to clear land, to chop unwanted trees, to “slash and burn”. The purpose of these rituals was to honor the spirits of the trees sacrificed so they would not be angry, and Cato’s De Agricultura included a prayer to the spirit of the grove begging forgiveness and offering the sacrifice of pig in exchange.

    July 25 celebrates Furrina “the Goddess of Springs and Wells, was also worshiped at this time. Her rite was most ancient and she had her own special priest. Furrina was worshiped in a grove on Janiculum Hill (one of the seven hills of Rome) across the Tiber River near the Sublician Bridge. In fact, the cleft with a spring of water was her sanctuary can still be vistied today. Shw was such as ancient goddess, later Roman authors did not quite understand her. Varro says: “Honor was paid to her amoung the ancients, who established an annual sacrifice and assigned her a special priest. But her name is barely known, and even that to only a few (Varro De Lingua Latina 6. 19 LCL) She had been forgotten even in antiquity, overshadowed by the male counterpart Neptune.”

    Upcoming Roman Festivals

    On August 1st, Romans honored the Goddess Spes, or “Hope”. She is also called Bona Spes, or “Good Hope”. Her temple was dedicated during the Punic Wars of the fourth century B.C.

    On August 5th, there was a public offering for Salus on a hilltop shrine, asking for safety, health, and welfare. Salus corresponds to the Greek Hygeia, the Goddess of Health, alternatively the daughter of the wife of Asklepios, God of Healing. The Roman Salus was depicted on coins feeding a sacred snake from ritual plate, keeping Hygeia and Asklepios’ association with the sacred reptile. Other times She is shown holding sheaves of wheat, which is most likely a more ancient Italic image, as Salus is suppose to have originally been related to health and success of harvest, a more agricultural Deity than Goddess of human health. (Page 153)

    On August 12th, the Lychnapsia was celebrated. In Rome it was believed to be the birthday of Isis. It was a much later addition to the Roman calendar and involved the lighting of thousands of lamps.

    On August 13th, there was a festival of Vertumnus and Pomona. Vertumnus is a very ancient Etruscan Deity of harvest and autumn, and His wife Pomona is the Goddess of orchards and fruit, and from Her name comes the word Pomme, apple. This is one I’m looking forward to celebrating, since we are going to be growing many, many fruit trees on our homestead. I prayed to Pomona when we planted the first six fruit trees on our property this spring.

    On August 19th, the Romans celebrated a wine festival, the second in the year. What’s interesting, to someone who starts out from a purely Hellenic perspective before branching out, is that Dionysos is not involved in this festival. This attests to its antiquity, and its called the Vinalia Rustica. According to Berestein “both Jupiter and Venus were honored. The first wine festival celebrated the opening of the fall vintage and tasting. This festival in August, the Vinalia Rustica, held in the countryside, was to protect the growing grapes and announce the upcoming vintage, when it was auspicious to harvest to grapes.

    “Offerings to Venus included incense, myrtle, mint, and bands of rushes hidden in a cluster of roses. She was worshiped in temples and also in sacred gardens. The rustic Vinalia was held in August and is in honor of Venus, because on this day the goddess is venerated and those who tend kitchen gardens and farm gardens rest from their work, for it is thought that all gardens are under the tutelage of Venus.” (page 158)

    On August 21st, the Consualia was held. Consus is of the uniquely Roman Gods Who has no Greek counterpart that I am aware of. Consus is the protector of the storage bin of harvested grain. He had a underground altar in the Circus Maximus. The chief priest and the Vestal Virgins performed the ritual for this day. First fruits were burnt for Consus on this day. Horses and other beasts of burdens were given a day of rest, and garlands were hung on their necks.

    On August 23rd, Ops was honored. Although connected with Rheia, the mother of the Olympians and wife of Kronos in Greece, I prefer to treat Ops as a unique Deity unto Herself. She has dual rites in August, on the 23rd and the 25th. She is linked to Consus, so this festival is called either the Opiferia or the Consiva.

  • I have not had as much chance to leave the homestead recently, and since I am lacking internet out there currently, I’m afraid that I have been neglecting this blog more than I would like. So I decided to post a round-up of interesting links (the first one I’ve done since 2012! Whew, I fell off the blogging wagon for a while, didn’t I?!)

     

    The Wild Hunt interviews the woman who started a new Hellenic Temple in Washington, DC, Theophania, dedicated to Athena and Apollon

     

    Sannion’s thoughts on the challenges to the practice of the Pagans and polytheists who are pushing for deification of David Bowie. Fascinating read that pertains to ancestor worship, hero cultus, etc.

     

    Galina discusses “The Politics of Sacrifice”, or what it means for Paganism that Christians so demonized the core Pagan rite that even many modern Pagan distance themselves from it.

     

    Melia processes thoughts about the different forms of the Agathos Daimon

     

    Asherah, Part I: The lost bride of Yahweh

     

    Galina shares some information about the Roman Goddess Pietas

     

    Ten Noble and Notorious Women of Ancient Greece. I was aware of about half of the women on this list already, so of course I was excited to find out about a few that I had not heard of yet!

     

    Okay, I know, this is three links to Galina’s blog in one round-up. She’s awesome, okay? And she’s been covering a lot of interesting subjects lately. I’m totally not cyber-stalking her or anything. This post is about God-bombing, or filling our public spaces with Divine Presence and shrines. Check it out.

     

    I’ve been doing a lot of research on Nephthys lately, working on some submissions for jewelofaset’s devotional to Her. Already had one poem accepted, actually. Anywho, thought I’d share some of the cool info I’ve been reading.

     

  • I’m posting this late because I don’t have internet on the homestead yet. March 5th was the usually considered the date of the Roman festival of Isidis Navigium, celebrating the Egyptian Isis as the patron of sailors (although some sources seem to say that it fell on March 6th, so hey, maybe I’m not late!). Just as March 1st celebrated Mars and the opening of the war season, this festival celebrates the beginning of the sailing season. To understand what this really means, we have to try to think about what hard weather would have done to us and our lifestyle in the ancient world. Winter truly put most of public life on hold. When the snows covered mountain passes and caused dangerous storms on the sea, trade, and all travel, would have to temporally stop. So when spring comes again, it means that life can start up again. Sailors can go back to work, to earn a living to support their families. Which also meant that rarer and hard-to-find goods would soon come flowing into the city. At the same time that the crops begin to grow, other human activities and endeavors can begin or speed up.

    Ididis Navigium, or alternatively Navigium Isidis, means Vessel of Isis. The festival gets its name from the main offering to Isis. In Apuleius’ Metamorphosis he describes the grand procession of worshippers from the temple of Isis to the harbor. After the opening priests, in the procession, there were women throwing followers, people dressed in their finest clothes, even tame bears with their trainers and an ape in a straw hat and saffron-colored cloak. Many processioners elaborate costumes, gladiators in full armor, dressed as figures from myth, such as shaggy satyrs in heavy-horned masks.

    There was a group of women spraying the road with sweet-smelling perfumes and sprinkling precious oils of frankincense and myrrh, going before the cart which carried the statue of the Goddess, surrounded by men and women who carried all kinds of lamps, candles, torches, and light-bearing implements. Some of the processioners were appointed to play the sacred parts of dressing as other important Gods. Among them was Anubis, the dog-headed nephew of Isis, holding a palm branch and a wand in his hands.

    Scores of musicians followed behind lines of initiates, drummers and flute-players and men with panpipes, women shaking the sistrum. The officiating priests came next, caring holy relics and symbols of Isis. The first priest cradled a golden lamp, the second carried a beautiful pot. The third held a palm branch in one hand and a caduceus in the other, the rod of Mercury entwined by two snakes. The fourth bore an amulet of a hand with the palm open, and he carried a vessel in the shape of a woman’s breast, from which he occasionally spilled droplets of milk onto the ground. A fifth priest carried a winnowing fan, another a krator of wine, and the last a garland of roses.

    There a beautifully-built ship decorated with colorful Egyptian hieroglyphs vvaited for them. The linen sail was inscribed with a prayer to the Goddess for good sailing and protection of the ships that would soon fill the seas. The High Priest purified the ship by breaking an egg on the hull, a lighted torch thrown into the sea, and the prow smeared with sulfur. Milk was poured into the sea as a libation, and the procession of worshippers loaded the ship with various offerings to the Goddess. Then the rope to the anchor was cut, and the ship was allowed to drift away into sea.

    I wrote this ritual (first published on the Neos Alexandria website here) several years ago, when I was still living in northern Indiana, hence why it is shorter than most of my rituals. It is meant to be performed outside, beside whatever river or natural body of water exists in your area, and in the climate I was living at the time it still pretty cold to be outside for too long. One nice addition that I remember reading about somewhere on the internet (can’t remember who first came up with it, sorry) is to fashion a small boat of some kind from paper or bark or something, set it in the water during the ritual, and either let it float away with a small offering of frankincense or herbs, or to set the boat on fire Viking-style. I love the idea. I plan on having a pond dug on my homestead eventually. I look forward to being able to do something along these lines in my own waters on day.

     

    Isidis Navigum

    the lines in italics are specific to my area and should be changed to fit your landmarks.

     

    Hail, Mighty Isis of the Many Names!

    Though Your birth was in sandy Aiegyptos,

    Your worship spread to great Roma and beyond

    And today in modern South Bend, Indiana we offer homage to Your name.

    We greet You as patroness of ships and sailors

    By the small waters of own town, the St. Joseph River.

    As You protected ancient sailors on the tumultuous seas,

    Protect us also as we sail through the rocky waters of fate

    Great Lady, clad in magic, we gather in awe of Your power

    And pray You will accept our humble offerings.

     

     

    Pour libation of wine, saying:

    We offer You sweet wine, in the hopes that You will remember us favorably, and sweeten our lives with your presence. As spring approaches, our hearts fill with joy to see Your green plants growing again.

    Pour libation of milk, saying:

    We offer you milk, in acknowledgment that You are the Mother of All, and pray that You will look after us and our nation with the love of all mothers. May our leaders be wise and healthy, and all opposition fall before us.

    Say:

    With these words the rite is ended. But we invite you to stay with us, for as long as you like.

  • Yesterday was the first day of the Roman festival of Saturnalia, the holiday from which most Christmas traditions are taken. It was the most popular Roman holiday, and all business was suspended for the week. It was a time of celebration and joy, and also an upturning of the social order. More information is available here, here, here and here.

    Below is a ritual I’ve written for the occasion. It is written for groups. There should be one priest or priestess, and a worshiper to be crowned the Mock King. Traditionally this person would be male, but at this time of role inversion, why not name a female King? If you crown a woman, don’t call her a Queen, but the King.

    The Ritual

    After closing your eyes for a moment and centering yourself, step forward to the altar.

    Barley Offering

    Sprinkle barley on the altar, SAYING:

    To the givers of life, Life.”

    Purify the Circle

    walk around the ritual space with the khernips bowl, sprinkling the water around the perimeter. Say:

    You are pure! You are pure! By this holy water, this ground is made pure. In the name of Jupiter, Saturn, and Roma, this space is now a holy sanctuary

     

    Walk in another circle, taking the bowl to each of the worshipers, so they can wash their face and hands. As they are doing so, say:

    By this holy water, you are made pure. In the name of Jupiter, Saturn, and Roma, you are holy and fit to enter the Temple.

    Intro

    We come before the Temple today to celebrate the joyous rites of Saturnalia, the completion of the sun’s yearly course, and the commencement of a new cycle. The earth is cold, and the farmer’s crops are safely hidden in his storehouse, sustenance for the long nights ahead.

    The Temple doors are opened tonight, and will remain so for 7 days. For 7 days and nights we will celebrate the Saturnalia, at the Temple, at home, in the streets. Wherever we will be, there our hearts will be open in festive song.

    ALL: Io (say it: e-o), Saturnalia

    Light Candles

    We light these sacred flames to remember Dies Natalis Sol Invictus, the Birth of the Invincible Sun, the light at end of our feasting, on the last day of Saturnalia.

    ALL: Hail Sol Invictus, the Invincible Sun.

    Hymn to Saturn and Ops

    Hail Great Saturnus, First King of the World, Father of Mighty Jupiter,

    Under Saturn’s rule it was a Golden Age. There was no war, no weapons, no need to lock your house at night, no need for laws or governance. The earth yielded Her bounty of Her own accord, and people shared in goodwill with no greed or avarice.

    When Jupiter conquered, the Silver Age began, and the Earth began to withhold Her gifts. Exiled Saturn, overthrown, Who came to Italia in secret, hiding from His Son.

    He Who Ruled Romans before there was a Rome. It was Saturn Who taught the native Latins the way of the plough, Who established the cycles of planting, nurturing, reaping, and planting again. Jovial Saturn gave His knowledge freely, making life easier for mortalkind.

    The time of Saturnalia is the best of days, a short re-living of the Golden Age

    When goodwill and abundance floods the hearts of man.

     

    And we must not forget Ops, Saturn’s bountiful bride

    The first day of Saturnalia belongs to Her, the Opalia

    Plentiful Goddess, Lady of all grains, She Who Feeds the World

    We honor You also, for although Saturn taught us the techniques of agriculture,

    Without You there would be nothing TO grow.

    ALL:Hail Saturn! Hail Ops!

    Offering of Bread to Saturn and Ops

    cut the bread, butter it, and place it on the offering plate.

    Saturn and Ops, we offer unto You the fruit of our labor, and return the knowledge You shared with our kind so many centuries ago.

    May you delight in it, as we delight in you.

    Prayer to Bacchus (offer wine if possible)

    Joyous Saturnalia honors many Gods, not least of which is Bacchus, Whose festival at this time predates Saturn’s coming. O Pater Liber, Bull of Two Mothers, Your gift of sweet wine is a balm to mankind, a divine elixir to calm the fiery temper and comfort the grieving heart. O Mighty Bacchus, we offer You a glass of Your own wine in gratitude, and ask that we be always able to partake of the pleasures of life, to forget our cares and enjoy the moment, and most of all to have have a healthy sense of humor and to be able to poke fun at our selves.

    ALL:Hail Bacchus!

    Prayer to Janus (offerings of salt and frankincense)

    We sing a song to Janus as we rapidly approach His threshold

    Ancient Janus, guardian of the door

    Two-formed, all-seeing, Who gazes in both directions

    To whom the future, as the past, is made clear

    Order and Chaos, Beginning and End, what are they to You?

    Great Janus, Who sees and comprehends all,

    As we approach the end of one year and the beginning of another,

    We pray for your protection and guidance as we cross that threshold,

    The sacred cycle that you protect,

    And invite you share in these offerings we have gathered.

     

    Crowning of the Mock King

    Have the Mock King kneel before you. Pick up the garland-crown, and say:

    All the rules are upturned today, and the old order is no more. Saturnalia is beyond all bonds, outside all restrictions! So we must make for ourselves a King fitting for the revels, for this week only, __(name)__ you are the Lord of Misrule!

    the Mock King speaks:

    I declare that for the next seven days, the social order is upturned. The Master waits on the slave and the child rules the household. All people, of every class, wear the pileus, the symbol of the freedman. even the Senators are dressed as ex-slaves. This is the command of the Lord of Misrule!

    Saturnalia is a time outside of time. All stores must be closed, and no business, legal or personal, is permitted. This is a time to lose oneself in feasting and dance, in revels of love and passion and drink! A time to delight in the warmth of fireplace and candlelight, and in the presence of family and fond companions. So, now we feast and be merry!

    ALL: Io (say it: e-o), Saturnalia!

     

    Feast

    Leave an offering on the altar of the household Gods

    When the revel is over:

    We will not close the ritual here, for the joy of Saturnalia cannot be packed into one hour nor one day. When you leave the Temple tonight, take your candles with you. Continue in the spirit of Saturnalia for seven days, and when it time, you may close out the festival in whatever way best suits your nature or your traditions.

     

    ALL: Io (say it: e-o), Saturnalia!

     

  • Roma is the personification of the city of Rome, and all the qualities and virtues that made Rome great. She was the guardian of the city and the empire, in the same way that the statue of Lady Liberty is the symbolic guardian of Ellis Island, the gateway to America. In many ways Roma is the Goddess of western civilization itself.

    There is some debate among scholars about whether She was considered a full-fledged Goddess (dea), as opposed to a spirit of place (genius loci). The Romans believed that just as each person had their own guiding spirit (the Agathos Daimon to the Greeks, and the genius and juno for the Romans), that cities, countries, families, and even companies had their own animating spirit. Truly it is not so important which one Roma is, as in practice it is much the same. We modern folk are obsessed with putting everything in its proper place, giving everything a neat little label. Although I do believe Her to be a full Goddess, for several reasons. The first being that people are still called to honor Her today, even though we are far from Italy and the Rome She knew has long since fallen. The second is that She is not just a spirit of place like the nymphs, but She embodies the unique Roman blend of virtues, ideals, skills and qualities.

    Among these are the love of freedom, invention, the firm stance against tyranny, the belief that a man can create his own destiny, and that most unique of Roman traits, the ability to learn from all they met and to adapt and change. In many ways you can see that these are still treasured values in the western world today.

    Roma was very prominent in the state cult of Rome, and when the Emperors began to be worshiped as Gods She rose to more prominence. Emperor Hadrian liked to make the pun that Roma reversed was Amor – and Venus was the Goddess of love and the mother of Rome through Aeneas. In fact, Venus and Roma shared a Temple on the Velian Hill in Rome, in a precipitous spot between the Forum and the Colosseum. It was dedicated to Venus Felix and Roma Aeterna. Hadrian himself was architect. Construction started in 121 AD. It was officially dedicated by Hadrian in 135, but was not completely finished until 141 AD.

    When Roma appears on Roman coinage, Her symbols are similar to Minerva and She is wearing a helmet. In the early Republican period, only Her face or bust was shown. By the time of the Empire, She was depicted on coins as standing figure, an Amazon type in full armor. Her image was still used in the Christian era, seated on a throne. At that time She was no longer worshiped, but was just a symbol of the empire.

    I honor Roma on the days that I offer worship to the spirit of Julius Caesar or on the celebration of the Natalis Urbis, the Birth of the City, the founding of Rome. Her spirit is hard to describe. She is calm and utterly self-assured that She is the Mistress of the World. She is welcoming – Rome welcomed everyone into the city – but in a regal, magnificent kind of way. She is a little bit distant at the same time She welcomes you.

    She feels HUGE, truly the spirit of an empire.